Good Morfnoevight All you happy Caturday Stoners.
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How do you know that? By your own admission you have never used them. So so weed sells for $100 oz around here but if you have a premium strain you can get $150 oz so $50 from one ounce would pay for the light. My personal experience with UV lamps is they make weed better! I would not bother growing without them now. The whole reason to grow my own is to grow the best weed possible. UV light helps with that.
Mold and algae on top of the soil of a pot may only be a nuisance depending on the type. Some can cause Crown Rot, Damping off or be a breeding ground for botrytus. It can cause serious troubles on a pot sitting on a surface. The algae and mold will prevent any airflow under a pot not on a stand with an air-gap under it. This may start a anaerobic growth that can lead to root rot. So not all mold is innocuous.
Fox Tailing is not a problem. It does not degrade the bud in any fashion and you do not need to wait for it to ripen, you just harvest when the majority of the bud is ready.
The plant is just trying to make some seeds to fulfill its life. Most of the flower's pistils are beyond producing seeds so if the environment is ok the plant will just keep making fresh ones in the hopes of some pollen wafting by. Almost all strains will do this if you wait long enough. If you continue to wait some plants will throw some nanners to self pollinate. This is called Rodelization.