Among the strongest arguments in favour of discarding the notion of ‘humic substances’ is the absence of any agreement within the broader scientific community on how such materials are defined. ‘Humic substances’ may be described in the soil sciences in three different ways: strictly operationally according to what can be extracted with an alkaline solution, with further subcategories of ‘humic’ and ‘fulvic’ acids as well as unextractable ‘humins’; as an existing substance that is not merely an operational construct; or as a combination of the two (
Box 1). Different research communities use the same vocabulary with very different connotations, to the point of being contradictory: in soil science, ‘humic substances’ are thought to have large molecular masses
12; in the environmental sciences, they are characterized as small fragments
13; and a classic textbook of aquatic geochemistry describes them as compounds of variable mass and composition
14.