Short answer:
Yes, the expression of genes related to anthocyanin synthesis significantly increases in low-temperature environments (it's an oxidative stress response to the cold, which improves plant tolerance to those colder temps.) Anything
above freezing that slows or degrades chlorophyll production helps promote anthocyanin production.
Longer answer:
Even by doing this, you will likely never see the deep hued colors from plants that genetically express those colors
naturally (some cannabis plants are simply colorful without having to do ANYTHING.)
Food for thought answer:
This is quoted from "
Anthocyanin Production from Plant Cell and Organ Cultures In Vitro", taken from the
National Center of Biotechnology Information website.
Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments found in plants. They exist in various colors, including red, purple, and blue, and are utilized as natural colorants in the food and cosmetics industries. The pharmaceutical industry uses anthocyanins as ...
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Optimization of medium, especially with respect to carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous, has shown a significant impact on the growth of cultured cells and anthocyanin synthesis.
It was demonstrated with grape cell cultures that simple sugars, such as glucose, galactose, and sucrose, or metabolizable sugars support the growth of the cells and accumulation of biomass, whereas non-metabolizable sugars, such as mannitol, are responsible for osmotic stress, which triggers the accumulation of anthocyanins
Plant cell culture medium consists of both nitrate and ammonium forms of nitrogen, and the concentration of these two types of nitrogen has been shown to have profound influence on the growth of biomass and anthocyanin synthesis. It has been shown that the reduction of the ammonium form of nitrogen in the medium and enhancement of nitrate nitrogen favored cell growth and anthocyanin accumulation in many types of cell cultures
So it's not just genetics, it's not just the cold, but the medium itself, the types of nitrogen the plants are using, the types of sugars they are using, etc, seem to all have a relatively significant impact on anthocyanin synthesis. Even lighting (red and far-red) can have an impact in the production of.
If your goal was to grow the absolute most colorful cannabis plants possible, there are a lot of variables that could likely be dialed in to make them "pop" to the extreme.
As far as any added "benefits" desirable in terms of consumption, I'm not sure if there is any published (or relatively credible) information that would support much in that department other than the normal benefits of consuming anthocyanins for antioxidant purposes and the like. In my professional experience, most purple colored cannabis is actually "weaker" than most status quo green counterparts in terms of THC production, but potency is course quite subjective once we talk about other cannabinoids, terpenes, synergies, and how our endocannabinoid systems vary between person to person on how things effect us, etc.